The protozoan Leishmania infantum is the causative agent of canine leishmaniasis, a zoonotic disease endemic in Europe. Although preventive measures have typically focused on sandfly vectors, focus has recently shifted to prevention of clinical disease through immunoprophylaxis, including vaccination, drugs, and nutraceuticals. This study compared preventive measures taken alone or combined in a population of healthy, seronegative patients. Vaccination alone was found to be the least effective preventive measure, whereas repellents and repellent/domperidone combinations were the most effective. Adverse effects were rare and most commonly vaccine associated.
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