The correct answer is C. While creatinine levels are the basis of staging patient for chronic kidney disease, substaging involves assessing for the presence of both hypertension and/or proteinuria.

The correct answer is C. While creatinine levels are the basis of staging patient for chronic kidney disease, substaging involves assessing for the presence of both hypertension and/or proteinuria.

The correct answer is C. While creatinine levels are the basis of staging patient for chronic kidney disease, substaging involves assessing for the presence of both hypertension and/or proteinuria.

The correct answer is C. While creatinine levels are the basis of staging patient for chronic kidney disease, substaging involves assessing for the presence of both hypertension and/or proteinuria.

The correct answer is D. BUN and creatinine are relatively insensitive markers of renal function, and do not become elevated until approximately 75% of GFR is decreased.

The correct answer is D. BUN and creatinine are relatively insensitive markers of renal function, and do not become elevated until approximately 75% of GFR is decreased.

The correct answer is D. BUN and creatinine are relatively insensitive markers of renal function, and do not become elevated until approximately 75% of GFR is decreased.

The correct answer is D. BUN and creatinine are relatively insensitive markers of renal function, and do not become elevated until approximately 75% of GFR is decreased.

The correct answer is C. Decreased GFR results in decreased phosphorus excretion, which in turn stimulates production and release of PTH from the parathyroid glands. Hyperphosphatemia also inhibits renal 1-α hydroxylase, the enzyme responsible for conversion of inactive vitamin D to its active form, calcitriol. Decreased calcitriol, hypocalcemia, and hyperphosphatemia contribute to the development of renal secondary hyperparathyroidism.

The correct answer is C. Decreased GFR results in decreased phosphorus excretion, which in turn stimulates production and release of PTH from the parathyroid glands. Hyperphosphatemia also inhibits renal 1-α hydroxylase, the enzyme responsible for conversion of inactive vitamin D to its active form, calcitriol. Decreased calcitriol, hypocalcemia, and hyperphosphatemia contribute to the development of renal secondary hyperparathyroidism.

The correct answer is C. Decreased GFR results in decreased phosphorus excretion, which in turn stimulates production and release of PTH from the parathyroid glands. Hyperphosphatemia also inhibits renal 1-α hydroxylase, the enzyme responsible for conversion of inactive vitamin D to its active form, calcitriol. Decreased calcitriol, hypocalcemia, and hyperphosphatemia contribute to the development of renal secondary hyperparathyroidism.

The correct answer is C. Decreased GFR results in decreased phosphorus excretion, which in turn stimulates production and release of PTH from the parathyroid glands. Hyperphosphatemia also inhibits renal 1-α hydroxylase, the enzyme responsible for conversion of inactive vitamin D to its active form, calcitriol. Decreased calcitriol, hypocalcemia, and hyperphosphatemia contribute to the development of renal secondary hyperparathyroidism.

The correct answer is C. Abnormalities in lipid metabolism in kidney disease includes increased total cholesterol, low-density lipoproteins (LDL), and triglycerides. Cholesterol, triglycerides, and some classes of LDL are cytotoxic to endothelial cells and stimulate glomerular mesangial cell proliferation and production of excess mesangial matrix.

The correct answer is C. Abnormalities in lipid metabolism in kidney disease includes increased total cholesterol, low-density lipoproteins (LDL), and triglycerides. Cholesterol, triglycerides, and some classes of LDL are cytotoxic to endothelial cells and stimulate glomerular mesangial cell proliferation and production of excess mesangial matrix.

The correct answer is C. Abnormalities in lipid metabolism in kidney disease includes increased total cholesterol, low-density lipoproteins (LDL), and triglycerides. Cholesterol, triglycerides, and some classes of LDL are cytotoxic to endothelial cells and stimulate glomerular mesangial cell proliferation and production of excess mesangial matrix.

The correct answer is C. Abnormalities in lipid metabolism in kidney disease includes increased total cholesterol, low-density lipoproteins (LDL), and triglycerides. Cholesterol, triglycerides, and some classes of LDL are cytotoxic to endothelial cells and stimulate glomerular mesangial cell proliferation and production of excess mesangial matrix.

The correct answer is D. The use of an appropriately formulated commercial veterinary therapeutic renal food is the only treatment that has been consistently shown to both prolong survival time and improve quality of life in both dogs and cats.

The correct answer is D. The use of an appropriately formulated commercial veterinary therapeutic renal food is the only treatment that has been consistently shown to both prolong survival time and improve quality of life in both dogs and cats.

The correct answer is D. The use of an appropriately formulated commercial veterinary therapeutic renal food is the only treatment that has been consistently shown to both prolong survival time and improve quality of life in both dogs and cats.

The correct answer is D. The use of an appropriately formulated commercial veterinary therapeutic renal food is the only treatment that has been consistently shown to both prolong survival time and improve quality of life in both dogs and cats.

The correct answer is D. While the exact role of limiting protein intake in dogs and cats with CKD is unclear, there are many potential benefits to a low protein diet. Several studies have shown benefits in not only survival but also quality of life in patients fed reduced protein diets.

The correct answer is D. While the exact role of limiting protein intake in dogs and cats with CKD is unclear, there are many potential benefits to a low protein diet. Several studies have shown benefits in not only survival but also quality of life in patients fed reduced protein diets.

The correct answer is D. While the exact role of limiting protein intake in dogs and cats with CKD is unclear, there are many potential benefits to a low protein diet. Several studies have shown benefits in not only survival but also quality of life in patients fed reduced protein diets.

The correct answer is D. While the exact role of limiting protein intake in dogs and cats with CKD is unclear, there are many potential benefits to a low protein diet. Several studies have shown benefits in not only survival but also quality of life in patients fed reduced protein diets.

The correct answer is A. Dietary restriction of both phosphorus and sodium is recommended for patients with CKD. Restriction of dietary phosphorus is important to prevent excess phosphorus retention and renal secondary hyperparathyroidism, while decreased dietary sodium is important to prevent hypertension, fluid overload, and edema.

The correct answer is A. Dietary restriction of both phosphorus and sodium is recommended for patients with CKD. Restriction of dietary phosphorus is important to prevent excess phosphorus retention and renal secondary hyperparathyroidism, while decreased dietary sodium is important to prevent hypertension, fluid overload, and edema.

The correct answer is A. Dietary restriction of both phosphorus and sodium is recommended for patients with CKD. Restriction of dietary phosphorus is important to prevent excess phosphorus retention and renal secondary hyperparathyroidism, while decreased dietary sodium is important to prevent hypertension, fluid overload, and edema.

The correct answer is A. Dietary restriction of both phosphorus and sodium is recommended for patients with CKD. Restriction of dietary phosphorus is important to prevent excess phosphorus retention and renal secondary hyperparathyroidism, while decreased dietary sodium is important to prevent hypertension, fluid overload, and edema.

The correct answer is B. Chronic hypokalemia leads to both functional and morphologic changes in the kidneys, including decreased GFR, decreased urine concentrating ability, and increased ammoniagenesis.

The correct answer is B. Chronic hypokalemia leads to both functional and morphologic changes in the kidneys, including decreased GFR, decreased urine concentrating ability, and increased ammoniagenesis.

The correct answer is B. Chronic hypokalemia leads to both functional and morphologic changes in the kidneys, including decreased GFR, decreased urine concentrating ability, and increased ammoniagenesis.

The correct answer is B. Chronic hypokalemia leads to both functional and morphologic changes in the kidneys, including decreased GFR, decreased urine concentrating ability, and increased ammoniagenesis.

The correct answer is D. Omega-3 fatty acids compete with arachidonic acid to alter eicosanoid production which ultimately results in decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Additionally, studies in dogs with CKD have also shown that increasing dietary omega-3 fatty acids both reduced proteinuria and prevented glomerular hypertension.

The correct answer is D. Omega-3 fatty acids compete with arachidonic acid to alter eicosanoid production which ultimately results in decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Additionally, studies in dogs with CKD have also shown that increasing dietary omega-3 fatty acids both reduced proteinuria and prevented glomerular hypertension.

The correct answer is D. Omega-3 fatty acids compete with arachidonic acid to alter eicosanoid production which ultimately results in decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Additionally, studies in dogs with CKD have also shown that increasing dietary omega-3 fatty acids both reduced proteinuria and prevented glomerular hypertension.

The correct answer is D. Omega-3 fatty acids compete with arachidonic acid to alter eicosanoid production which ultimately results in decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Additionally, studies in dogs with CKD have also shown that increasing dietary omega-3 fatty acids both reduced proteinuria and prevented glomerular hypertension.

The correct answer is A. A common mistake is to insist owners feed only a therapeutic renal diet, even with inadequate caloric intake. Offering only a therapeutic diet should not be imposed to the detriment of overall nutrient intake.

The correct answer is A. A common mistake is to insist owners feed only a therapeutic renal diet, even with inadequate caloric intake. Offering only a therapeutic diet should not be imposed to the detriment of overall nutrient intake.

The correct answer is A. A common mistake is to insist owners feed only a therapeutic renal diet, even with inadequate caloric intake. Offering only a therapeutic diet should not be imposed to the detriment of overall nutrient intake.

The correct answer is A. A common mistake is to insist owners feed only a therapeutic renal diet, even with inadequate caloric intake. Offering only a therapeutic diet should not be imposed to the detriment of overall nutrient intake.