References
1. Results of preemptive epidural administration of morphine with or without bupivacaine in dogs and cats undergoing surgery: 265 cases (1997-1999). Troncy E, Junot S, Keroack S, et al. JAVMA 221:666-672, 2002.
2. Epidural analgesia in the dog and cat. Jones RS. Vet J 161:123-131, 2001.
3. Epidural analgesia in veterinary critical care. Wetmore LA, Glowaski MM. Clin Tech Small Anim Pract 15:177-188, 2000.
4. Opioid analgesics. Pascoe PJ. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 30:757-772, 2000.
5. Epidural morphine reduces halothane MAC in the dog. Valverde A, Dyson DH, McDonell WN. Can J Anaesth 36:629-632, 1989.
6. Comparison of the hemodynamic effects of halothane alone and halothane combined with epidurally administered morphine for anesthesia in ventilated dogs. Valverde A, Dyson DH, Cockshutt JR, et al. Am J Vet Res 52:505-509, 1991.
7. Complications associated with the use of indwelling epidural catheters in dogs: 81 cases (1996-1999). Swalander DB, Crowe DT, Jr., Hittenmiller DH, Jahn PJ. JAVMA 216:368-370, 2000.
Suggested reading
A comparison of epidural buprenorphine with epidural morphine for postoperative analgesia following stifle surgery in dogs. Smith LJ, Kwang-An Yu J. Vet Anaesth Analg 28:87-96, 2001.
Epidural abscess and discospondylitis in a dog after administration of a lumbosacral epidural analgesic. Remedios AM, Wagner R, Caulkett N, Duke T. Can Vet J 37:106-107, 1996.
Epidural administration of bupivacaine, morphine, or their combination for postoperative analgesia in dogs. Hendrix PK, Raffe MR, Robinson EP, et al. JAVMA 209:598-606, 1996.
Epidural catheter analgesia in dogs and cats: Technique and review of 182 cases (1991-99). Hansen BD. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 11:95-103, 2001.
Epidural versus intramuscular oxymorphone analgesia after thoracotomy in dogs. Popilskis S, Kohn D, Sanchez JA, Gorman P. Vet Surg 20:462-467, 1991.
Myoclonus and urinary retention following subarachnoid morphine injection in a dog. Kona-Boun JJ, Pibarot P, Quesnel A. Vet Anaesth Analg 30:257-264, 2003.
Postoperative urinary retention in a dog following morphine with bupivacaine epidural analgesia. Herperger LJ. Can Vet J 39:650-652, 1998.
Respiratory paralysis secondary to epidural anesthesia in a dog. Blass CE, Shires PK. JAVMA 189:315-316, 1986.
The effect of epidural morphine on the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in cats. Golder FJ, Pascoe PJ, Bailey CS, et al. J Vet Anaesth 25:52-56, 1998.