Sophie was bright, alert, and responsive, with normal vital signs. The only abnormal examination findings were abdominal distension and a large and palpable left-sided cranial abdominal mass.

Mild leukocytosis (17.3 × 10³/μL [17.3 × 10⁹/L]; reference range, 4.3-13.6 × 10³/μL [4.3-13.6 × 10⁹/L]) and mild regenerative anemia (hematocrit, 33% [reference range, 40%-57%]; reticulocytes, 150 000/μL [150 × 10⁹/L]) were noted. The remainder of the CBC, coagulation profile, and serum chemistry profile were within normal limits. Abdominal ultrasonography demonstrated a large (>10 cm in diameter) hepatic mass (Figure 1) originating from the left aspect of the liver that contained numerous variably sized anechoic regions and mild anechoic peritoneal effusion. Two smaller masses were visible in the hepatic parenchyma (Figure 2). Ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration of the large hepatic mass was performed, and cytology showed evidence of previous hemorrhage and mild extramedullary hematopoiesis. Ultrasound-guided biopsies were not considered safe because of the risk for hemorrhage due to the cavitated nature of the masses. The top differential diagnosis was malignant neoplasia (eg, hemangiosarcoma, histiocytic sarcoma, hepatic adenocarcinoma); benign (eg, hemangioma) or infectious (eg, fungal or parasitic) lesions were considered possible but unlikely. Thoracic radiographs were unremarkable. 

Although neoplasia was suspected, it could not be confirmed without histopathology. The owners elected for abdominal exploratory surgery to attempt either complete mass resection or debulking with biopsy for histopathology. The owners were prepared to consult with the oncology team following surgery if neoplasia was confirmed. Three liver masses and one mass adhered to the linea alba with omental adhesions were removed, leaving smaller masses and irregularities throughout the liver. The largest mass (11 cm), located in the left medial liver lobe, was firm and vascular and interspersed with pockets of unclotted blood. The left medial liver lobe containing the largest liver mass, 2 additional liver masses, and a mass adhered to the linea alba with omental adhesions were all removed, leaving smaller masses and irregularities throughout the liver. On histopathologic examination, the hepatic masses were found to be composed of red pulp, extramedullary hematopoietic tissue, rare white pulp, and smooth muscle trabeculae (Figure 3). The mass associated with the linea alba was also composed of ectopic splenic tissue, with similar components, consistent with splenosis. No evidence of neoplasia was seen. Recovery was uneventful, and the patient was discharged 2 days postoperatively. 

Abdominal radiographs taken 3 months postoperatively were unremarkable. Sophie experienced a brief episode of vomiting 4 months postoperatively, and packed cell volume (PCV) was 34%; however, ultrasonography was not performed, and she recovered without therapy. Five months postoperatively, she was clinically normal, and a routine recheck identified a PCV of 39%. Ultrasonography at this time identified a 10.5-cm cavitated mass in the right liver near the porta hepatis (Figure 4) and an 8.6-cm hepatic mass with similar appearance to the presurgical ultrasound findings; hemoabdomen was not present. Although recurrence of hepatic splenosis was suspected, hemangiosarcoma or other neoplasia could not be ruled out. Cytology revealed extramedullary hematopoiesis.

Follow-up abdominal ultrasonography and blood work were performed every 2 to 3 months postoperatively. Sophie underwent a unilateral arytenoid lateralization for laryngeal paralysis (11 months after splenosis diagnosis) and a gastropexy after gastric dilatation-volvulus (1 year after splenosis diagnosis), both without complication. She was clinically stable 14 months postoperatively, with a PCV of 36%, no evidence of hemoabdomen or thoracic metastasis, and a stable appearance of the hepatic masses, with the largest mass measured at 9.85 cm. She continued long-term treatment with Yunnan Baiyao (500 mg PO q8h) for potential hemostatic effect.¹

Splenosis is a rare complication of splenic trauma or rupture leading to implantation of splenic tissue onto vascular sites in the abdomen or intravascular seeding from surgical splenectomy. Whereas in humans splenosis typically occurs 5 to 10 years after splenectomy,² in dogs, splenosis has been diagnosed concurrently with a splenic lesion³ or 2 to 5 years after trauma or splenectomy.^4-8 Prior to Sophie’s diagnosis, intrahepatic splenosis had been reported in 5 dogs,^4-8 and splenosis had been reported in the pancreas,³ mesentery,^6,7 abdominal wall,^6,7 diaphragm,⁷ and jejunum⁶ of dogs. Splenosis can be an incidental finding⁶ but more often has been reported with inappetence, weight loss, lethargy, weakness, abdominal distension, and/or abdominal pain in dogs.^3-5,7,8 Two dogs had hemoabdomen secondary to rupture of intrahepatic splenosis lesions.^7,8 Although splenosis is benign in nature, true prognosis and recurrence rate are unknown due to the rarity of this condition. Two of the 5 patients in the literature were euthanized at or around the time of diagnosis, and the remaining 3 cases were reported to have survived at least 5, 8, and 10 months postdiagnosis.^4,6,7 Sophie’s survival of at least 14 months (at the time of this article’s publication) provides important prognostic information. In contrast, median survival for hemangiosarcoma after surgery and chemotherapy is 6 months.⁹ 

Splenosis should be considered a differential diagnosis for hepatic or abdominal masses in dogs with a history of splenic trauma or splenectomy. Not all cavitated hepatic masses in older, large-breed dogs are neoplastic. Histopathology is required to assess whether neoplasia is present so that appropriate treatment options and prognosis can be determined.