Suggested Reading
Analgesia after lateral thoracotomy in dogs. Epidural morphine vs. intercostal bupivacaine. Pascoe PJ, Dyson DH. Vet Surg 22:141-147, 1993.
Analgesia and pain management. Paddleford RR. In Paddleford RR (ed): Manual of Small Animal Anesthesia, 2nd ed—Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1999, pp 227-246.
Comparison of intra-articular and epidural morphine for analgesia following stifle arthrotomy in dogs. Day TK, Pepper WT, Tobias TA, et al. Vet Surg 24:522-530, 1995.
Epidural administration of bupivacaine, morphine, or their combination for postoperative analgesia in dogs. Hendrix PK, Raffe MR, Robinson EP, et al. JAVMA 209:598-607, 1996.
Epidural analgesia and anesthesia. Torske KE, Dyson DH. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 30:859-874, 2000.
Epidural analgesia in veterinary critical care. Wetmore LA, Glowaski MM. Clin Tech Small Anim Pract 15:177-188, 2000.
Epidural vs intramuscular oxymorphone analgesia after thoracotomy in dogs. Popilskis S, Kohn D, Sanchez JA, et al. Vet Surg 20:462-467, 1991.
Feline perioperative pain management. Lamont LA. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 32:747-763, 2002.
General principles of local analgesia. Hall LW, Clarke KW, Trim CM. In Hall LW, Clarke KW, Trim CM (eds): Veterinary Anaesthesia, 10th ed—London: WB Saunders, 2001, pp 225-243.
Local and regional anesthetic and analgesic techniques: Cats. Skarda RT. In Tranquilli WJ, Thurmon JC, Grimm KA (eds): Lumb & Jones’s Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia, 4th ed—Ames, Iowa: Blackwell, 2007, pp 595-603.
Local and regional anesthetic and analgesic techniques: Dogs. Skarda RT. In Tranquilli WJ, Thurmon JC, Grimm KA (eds): Lumb & Jones’s Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia, 4th ed—Ames, Iowa: Blackwell, 2007, pp 561-594.
Local anesthesia in dogs and cats. Muir WW, Hubbell JAE, Skarda RT, et al. In Muir WW, Hubbell JAE, Skarda RT, Bednarski RM (eds): Handbook of Veterinary Anesthesia, 3rd ed—St. Louis, Missouri: Mosby, 2000, pp 100-118.
Pharmacology and clinical results with peridural and intrathecal administration of ketamine. Gebhardt B. Anaesthesist 43(Supp):S34-S40, 1994.
Postoperative analgesia in dogs receiving epidural morphine plus medetomidine. Pacharinsak C, Greene SA, Keegan RD, et al. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 26:71-77, 2003.
Results of preemptive epidural administration of morphine with or without bupivacaine in dogs and cats undergoing surgery: 265 cases (1997-1999). Troncy E, Junot S, Keroack S, et al. JAVMA 221:666-672, 2002.
Tissue reaction of morphine applied to the epidural space of dogs. King FG, Baxter AD, Mathieson G. Can Anaesth Soc J 31:268-271, 1984.